MOOC The Mystery of Cell(Northeast Normal University)1463238166 最新慕课完整章节测试答案

Test_Cell aging and death

1、单选题：
‏Elderly people have age spots, the most reasonable explanation is (  ).‌
选项：
A: Decreased intracellular water content and cell atrophy
B: The accumulation of pigment in cells
C: Enlarged nucleus with condensed chromatin and darker staining
D: Decreased tyrosinase activity in cells
答案: 【 The accumulation of pigment in cells】

2、单选题：
‌Which of the following statements is not characteristic of cell senescence? (  )‎
选项：
A: Phospholipid content on the cell membrane is increased.
B: Intracellular pigment accumulation.
C: Reduced enzyme activity.
D: The nucleus is enlarged and the chromatin shrinks.
答案: 【 Phospholipid content on the cell membrane is increased.】

3、单选题：
‏Which of the following statements of the main characteristics of cellular senescence is?‏
选项：
A: The membrane permeability changes, so that the material transport function decrease.
B: The nucleus is enlarged and the chromatin shrinks.
C: The number of endoplasmic reticulum in cells decreased gradually, and the membrane structure becomes thicker.
D: The number of mitochondria in the cell increases.
答案: 【 The number of mitochondria in the cell increases.】

4、单选题：
‌Which of following statements about the relationship between individual senescence and cellular senescence is incorrect?‍
选项：
A: Single-celled organisms: cellular senescence is the senescence of the individual.
B: Multicellular organisms: cellular senescence is the senescence of the individual.
C: Multicellular organisms: individual senescence is accompanied by the accumulation of senescent cells.
D: Single-celled organisms: individual senescence is cellular senescence.
答案: 【 Multicellular organisms: cellular senescence is the senescence of the individual.】

5、单选题：
‌Which of the following statements about cell senescence and death is true?​
选项：
A: The embryonic period of human cell division and growth is vigorous, without cell death
B: Cell senescence and death is an abnormal life phenomenon
C: Cell senescence and individual senescence are mutually complementary and causative
D: Cell senescence in multicellular organisms always goes hand in hand with senescence in the organism
答案: 【 Cell senescence and individual senescence are mutually complementary and causative】

6、单选题：
‌Which of the following is not characteristic of cell senescence?‍
选项：
A: Metabolic and respiratory rates are slowed, and some enzymes are inactive.
B: The water inside the cell decreases and pigment accumulate gradually.
C: Membrane permeability changes, and transport capacity decrease.
D: The cell shrinks and the nucleus shrinks.
答案: 【 The cell shrinks and the nucleus shrinks.】

7、单选题：
‌Which of the following enzymes can be used as a marker for cell senescence?‌
选项：
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B: Acetyltransferase
C: β - galactoglycase
D: carbamoyltransferase
答案: 【 β - galactoglycase】

8、单选题：
‍Which of the following statements about the characteristics of senescent cells is ‍‍incorrect?‍‍‍
选项：
A: Senescent cells metabolize faster.
B: Some enzymes in senescent cells become inactive.
C: Senescent cells lose water.
D: Membrane permeability changes, so that the material transport function decreases.
答案: 【 Senescent cells metabolize faster.】

9、单选题：
‏Which of the following is not the molecular mechanism of cell senescence?‌
选项：
A: Telomere shortening theory
B: The theory of free radical oxidative damage
C: DNA damage theory
D: Chemiosmotic hypothesis
答案: 【 Chemiosmotic hypothesis】

10、单选题：
​What kind of cellular life activity is characterized by telomere shortening?‎
选项：
A: Cell apoptosis
B: Cell proliferation
C: Meiosis
D: Cell senescence
答案: 【 Cell senescence】

11、单选题：
‎Which of the following statements about the role of cell senescence in tissue and ‍‎organ degradation is incorrect?‍‎‍
选项：
A: Senescent cells can induce abnormal cell differentiation.
B: Senescent cells can gobble up surrounding cells.
C: Senescent cells can lead to tissue fibrosis.
D: Senescent cells can stimulate an inflammatory response in tissues.
答案: 【 Senescent cells can gobble up surrounding cells.】

12、单选题：
‏Which of the following statements about the "Hayflick Limit" is incorrect?‌
选项：
A: There is a limit to the number of divisions of somatic cells in a normal embryo.
B: In the vitro culture of somatic cells of different species, the number of divisions is different.
C: The number of somatic cell divisions is negatively correlated with the average maximum lifespan of the species.
D: Tumor cells are not limited by the Hayflick limit.
答案: 【 The number of somatic cell divisions is negatively correlated with the average maximum lifespan of the species.】

13、单选题：
‍Which of the following statements about the telomere shortening theory of cell senescence is incorrect?‏
选项：
A: With each mitosis of a somatic cell, the telomeres of chromosomes shorten.
B: When telomeres shorten to a certain threshold, cells are senescent.
C: Telomere length is maintained by telomerase.
D: Telomerase activity is high in somatic cells while low in tumor cells.
答案: 【 Telomerase activity is high in somatic cells while low in tumor cells.】

14、单选题：
‎Which of the following diseases has nothing to do with cell senescence?‎
选项：
A: Cancer
B: Werner syndrome (adult progeria)
C: Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome
D: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
答案: 【 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)】

15、单选题：
‌Which of the following statements about the ability of cells to replicate is ‏‌incorrect?‏‌‏
选项：
A: The ability of a cell to increase its number by dividing is limited.
B: Cells themselves will not become senescent, senescence is caused by environmental influences.
C: Cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely outside the body.
D: There is a limit to the maximum number of divisions in the cells of higher animals.
答案: 【 Cells themselves will not become senescent, senescence is caused by environmental influences.】

16、单选题：
‌Which of the following statements about telomeres is incorrect?​
选项：
A: Telomere length cannot be calculated.
B: Telomeres act as a cell division timer.
C: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex.
D: The telomere sequences of different organisms are very similar.
答案: 【 Telomere length cannot be calculated.】

17、单选题：
‏Which of the following statements about the relationship between cell life and ​‏the ability to divide is correct?​‏​
选项：
A: Cells with a short life span have a strong ability to divide.
B: The life span of a cell is related to the ability of cell division.
C: Cells with a long life span have a weak ability to divide.
D: The life span of a cell is independent of the ability to divide.
答案: 【 The life span of a cell is related to the ability of cell division.】

18、单选题：
‏Which of the following statements about the theory of free radical oxidative ​‏damage in cell senescence is incorrect?​‏​
选项：
A: Reactive oxygen radicals can attack lipids.
B: Reactive oxygen radicals can attack nucleic acids.
C: Reactive oxygen radicals can attack proteins.
D: Reactive oxygen radicals cannot be removed by the body.
答案: 【 Reactive oxygen radicals cannot be removed by the body.】

19、单选题：
​A phenomenon that does not normally occur before the blastocyst stage of embryonic development in higher animals is (    ).‌
选项：
A: Cell differentiation
B: Mitosis
C: Cell senescence
D: Cell volume reduction
答案: 【 Cell senescence】

20、单选题：
‌The immediate cause of most old people's hair turning white is (    ).‌
选项：
A: The acceleration of substance transport in hair basal cells.
B: The metabolism of hair basal cells is accelerated.
C: The enzyme activity associated with melanin synthesis is reduced in the basal cells of the hair.
D: Faster respiration rate in hair basal cells.
答案: 【 The enzyme activity associated with melanin synthesis is reduced in the basal cells of the hair.】

Test_Nerve cell

1、单选题：
​What is the basic unit of nervous system?‏
选项：
A: Neurons
B: Nerve fiber
C: Nerve
D: Nerve ending
答案: 【 Neurons】

2、单选题：
​Which of the following structures can dominate the voluntary movement of skeletal muscle?‎
选项：
A: Cerebellum
B: Cerebrum
C: Brainstem
D: Spinal cord
答案: 【 Cerebrum】

3、单选题：
​Which of the following structures connects the brain with peripheral nerves?‍
选项：
A: Cerebrum
B: Cerebellum
C: Cochlea
D: Spinal cord
答案: 【 Spinal cord】

4、单选题：
‌The axons and dendrites that are coated with a myelin sheath are called (  ).‎
选项：
A: Neurite
B: Nerve
C: Nerve ending
D: Nerve fiber
答案: 【 Nerve fiber】

5、单选题：
​Which part of the central nervous system regulates heartbeat and breathing?‍
选项：
A: Spinal cord
B: Brainstem
C: Cerebrum
D: Cerebellum
答案: 【 Brainstem】

6、单选题：
‍When a neuron is excited, the first place to generate an action potential is (  )‎
选项：
A: Cell body
B: Dendrite
C: Axon
D: Axon hillock
答案: 【 Axon hillock】

7、单选题：
​In addition to chemical synapses, there are electrical synapses. What is the structural basis of electrical synapses?‍
选项：
A: Gap junction
B: Mixed synapse
C: Interactive synapse
D: Tandem synapse
答案: 【 Gap junction】

8、单选题：
‏ The time span of reflection is mainly determined by the (  ).‏
选项：
A: Number of synapses in the reflex center
B: Intensity of stimulation
C: Sensitivity of the receptors
D: Nerve conduction velocity
答案: 【 Number of synapses in the reflex center】

9、单选题：
‍What type of synapse is the structural basis of presynaptic inhibition?‌
选项：
A: Soma-soma synapse
B: Soma-dendrite synapse
C: Axon-soma synapse
D: Axon-axon synapse
答案: 【 Axon-axon synapse】

10、单选题：
‏Generally, there are (  ) axon(s) and (  ) dendrite(s) of a neuron.​
选项：
A: One, one or more.
B: One or more, one or more.
C: One, one.
D: Multiple, one or more.
答案: 【 One, one or more.】

11、单选题：
‍The fast conduction rate in myelinated nerve fibers is due to the fact that (  ).​
选项：
A: The neuronal cell body is large.
B: The axon is thick.
C: There are nodes of Ranvier.
D: There are many synaptic vesicles in the axon.
答案: 【 There are nodes of Ranvier.】

12、单选题：
‍Which of the following structures cannot be observed in axon using electron microscope?​
选项：
A: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C: Neurofilament
D: Microfilament and microtubule
答案: 【 Rough endoplasmic reticulum】

13、单选题：
‌The most common type of synapse is composed of (  ).​
选项：
A: Axo-somatic synapse and axo-dendritic synapse 
B: Axo-somatic synapse and Axo-axonic synapse
C: Axo-dendritic synapse and dendro-dendritic synapse
D: Axo-axonic synapse and dendro-dendritic synapse
答案: 【 Axo-somatic synapse and axo-dendritic synapse 】

14、单选题：
‍According to the neuron function and the number of neurites, the neurons with the largest number are (  ).‏
选项：
A: Sensory neuron, pseudo-monopolar neuron
B: Motor neuron, multipolar neuron
C: Interneuron, multipolar neuron
D: Motor neuron, bipolar neuron
答案: 【 Interneuron, multipolar neuron】

15、单选题：
‍Which cell forms the myelin sheath of myelinated nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system? ‏
选项：
A: Astrocytes
B: Microglia
C: Oligodendrocytes
D: Schwann cells
答案: 【 Schwann cells】

16、单选题：
​Nervous tissue includes (  ).​
选项：
A: Neuron and glial cell
B: Neuron and intercellular substance
C: Neuron and nerve fiber
D: Neuronal synapse and nerve ending
答案: 【 Neuron and glial cell】

17、单选题：
‍According to the neurite number, neurons can be classified as (  ).‌
选项：
A: Cholinergic neuron and adrenaline neuron
B: Multipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, pseudo-monopolar neuron
C: Excitatory neuron and inhibitory neuron
D: Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
答案: 【 Multipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, pseudo-monopolar neuron】

18、单选题：
‍Which is wrong about glial cells?‏
选项：
A: Widely distributed throughout the nervous system
B: Support nutrition and protect neurons
C: Have the ability to divide and proliferate
D: Release and receive certain neurotransmitters
答案: 【 Release and receive certain neurotransmitters】

19、单选题：
‎Nissl bodies are distributed in (  ).‍
选项：
A: Dendrite and cell body
B: Axon and cell body
C: Axon and dendrite
D: Synaptic vesicle
答案: 【 Dendrite and cell body】

20、单选题：
‎Which of the following practices is harmful to the health of the nervous system for adolescents (  ).‌
选项：
A: Participate in sports and physical exercise appropriately
B: Rest and sleep
C: Study hard and often fall asleep after 12 o'clock at night
D: Alternately review of art and science
答案: 【 Study hard and often fall asleep after 12 o'clock at night】

Test_Tumor and cancer

1、单选题：
‌1. Between the benign tumor and the normal tissue, there is ().​
选项：
A: a clear boundary
B: no boundary
C: unclear boundaries
D: individual differences in boundaries
答案: 【 a clear boundary】

2、单选题：
‌Which of the following tumors is not a benign tumor?‌
选项：
A: Fibroma
B: Lipoma
C: Osteoma
D: Leukemia
答案: 【 Leukemia】

3、单选题：
‍Compared with malignant tumors, the size of benign tumors is generally () malignant.‏
选项：
A: greater than
B: less than
C: equal
D: close
答案: 【 greater than】

4、单选题：
​What is the membrane structure of malignant tumor?​
选项：
A: No membrane
B: One layer of envelop
C: Double membrane
D: Semi-enclosed membrane
答案: 【 No membrane】

5、单选题：
‌The blueprint for everything a cell does is ().‍
选项：
A: DNA
B: RNA
C: proteins
D: chromosomes
答案: 【 DNA】

6、单选题：
‍The process from normal cells to cancer cells is called ().‏
选项：
A: cancer
B: tumors
C: lesions
D: variation
答案: 【 cancer】

7、单选题：
​What is the relationship between external and internal causes of cancer?​
选项：
A: External causes act through internal causes
B: Both external and internal causes play a role
C: Internal causes act through external causes
D: There is no direct connection between the two
答案: 【 External causes act through internal causes】

8、单选题：
‏Proto-oncogenes in normal cells are ().‌
选项：
A: not exist
B: silent
C: the activation
D: interacting with tumor suppressor genes
答案: 【 silent】

9、单选题：
‌To maintain the stability of the individual's internal environment, an autonomous, orderly and active cell death process is ().‎
选项：
A: apoptosis
B: cell death
C: cell necrosis
D: cell decay
答案: 【 apoptosis】

10、单选题：
​The secret of immortality is hidden in a DNA sequence at the end of the chromosome. This sequence is called telomere. Scientists have confirmed that the cell's ability to divide is related to telomeres, and as the cells are dividing, the telomeres will ().‎
选项：
A: increase in length
B: shorten
C: keep the length 
D: decrease activity
答案: 【 shorten】

11、单选题：
‍What do cancer cells do to blood vessels?‌
选项：
A: Promote generation
B: Inhibit generation
C: No effect
D: Make it expand
答案: 【 Promote generation】

12、单选题：
‌Cancer cells will proceed under normal circumstances ().​
选项：
A: Aerobic respiration
B: Anaerobic respiration
C: Tricarboxylic acid cycle
D: Glycolysis
答案: 【 Glycolysis】

13、单选题：
‏Which of the following is not a solid tumor?‎
选项：
A: Lung cancer
B: Breast cancer
C: liver cancer
D: Leukemia
答案: 【 Leukemia】

14、单选题：
‍What is the drug therapy that can block the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific molecules necessary for cancer cell or tumor proliferation?‌
选项：
A: Chemotherapy
B: Radiation therapy
C: Targeted therapy
D: Hormone therapy
答案: 【 Targeted therapy】

15、单选题：
‎Which of the following is not a biotherapy?‏
选项：
A: Immunotherapy
B: Stem cell transplantation
C: Targeted therapy
D: Radiation therapy
答案: 【 Radiation therapy】

16、单选题：
‎What is the cure for removing or shrinking a tumor by killing the cancer cells or slowing its growth with high doses of radiation?‍
选项：
A: Immunotherapy
B: Stem cell transplantation
C: Targeted therapy
D: Radiation therapy
答案: 【 Radiation therapy】

17、单选题：
​Normal weight can be determined by body mass index, or BMI, which divides weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. Which of the following body mass indexes is normal?‎
选项：
A: 17
B: 18
C: 20
D: 25
答案: 【 20】

18、单选题：
‌Low-salt diets are defined as having less than () grams of salt a day.‏
选项：
A: 4
B: 5
C: 6
D: 7
答案: 【 6】

19、单选题：
‌The "Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents" recommends that under normal circumstances, the daily amount of pure alcohol consumed by men should not exceed () grams. ‌
选项：
A: 20
B: 30
C: 25
D: 50
答案: 【 25】

20、单选题：
‌Which of the following is not the red meat?‏
选项：
A: Beef
B: Lamb
C: Pork
D: Chicken
答案: 【 Chicken】

Test_Immune cells and human health

1、单选题：
‍When the body’s immune surveillance function is low, it is easy to cause（ ）.​
选项：
A: Transplant rejection 
B: Tumors 
C: Immune tolerance  
D: Hypersensitivity  
E: Autoimmune diseases
答案: 【 Tumors 】

2、单选题：
‎The immune system does not include (   ).‍
选项：
A: Immune cells    
B: Immune molecules  
C: Immunogens  
D: Central immune organs 
E: Peripheral immune organs
答案: 【 Immunogens  】

3、单选题：
‌What cells are missing in the lymph nodes of the newborn whose thymus has been removed (   ).‎
选项：
A: T lymphocytes  
B: B lymphocytes  
C: Stem cells 
D: Macrophages 
E: Granulocyte
答案: 【 T lymphocytes  】

4、单选题：
‍The characteristics of acquired immunity do not include（  ）. ​
选项：
A: Acquired  
B: Retained memory 
C: Specificity  
D: inheritability  
E: Be able to recognize self and non-self
答案: 【 inheritability  】

5、单选题：
‍The body with low immune defense function is easy to cause（  ）.‍
选项：
A: Transplant rejection  
B: Tumors  
C: Recurrent infection 
D: Autoimmune diseases  
E: Hypersensitivity
答案: 【 Recurrent infection 】

6、单选题：
‎The human central immune organs are (   ) ‍
选项：
A: Thymus and lymph nodes
B: Bone marrow and mucosal immune systems  
C: Lymph nodes and spleen  
D: Spleen and thymus  
E: Thymus and bone marrow
答案: 【 Thymus and bone marrow】

7、单选题：
‏Negative selection of mammalian T cell occurs in (  )‏
选项：
A: Bone marrow
B: Thymus  
C: Bursa Fabricius  
D: Spleen  
E: Lymph nodes
答案: 【 Thymus  】

8、单选题：
‍The main mechanism of tumorigenesis is (  ) ‍
选项：
A: Immune defense dysfunction 
B: Immune surveillance dysfunction  
C: Immune homeostasis dysfunction  
D: Immunomodulatory disorders 
E: Immune hyperfunction
答案: 【 Immune surveillance dysfunction  】

9、单选题：
‎Immune refers to（  ）​
选项：
A: The body’s defense function against infection  
B: Eliminate aging and damaged cells  
C: Exclude antigenic foreign bodies  
D: Recognize and kill its own mutant cells
E: Identifying and excluding antigenic foreign bodies
答案: 【 Identifying and excluding antigenic foreign bodies】

10、单选题：
‍The ability of the body to resist infection by pathogenic microorganisms is called（  ）‎
选项：
A: Immune surveillance  
B: Immune homeostasis  
C: Immune defense 
D: Immune recognition  
E: Immune t