MOOC 遗传学（英文）(西北农林科技大学)1206692816 最新慕课完整章节测试答案

Chapter 1 测验

1、单选题：
‏The first complete DNA sequence of a non-viral, free-living organism was obtained for:‎
选项：
A: a bacterium in 1900.
B: a bacterium in 1945.
C: a bacterium in 1995.
D: humans in 1990.
E: humans in 2000.
答案: 【 a bacterium in 1995.】

2、单选题：
‌Genetic information can be carried in which of the following biomolecules?‎
选项：
A: Proteins
B: DNA and not RNA
C: RNA and not DNA
D: Either DNA or RNA
答案: 【 Either DNA or RNA】

3、单选题：
‌Which of the following species is considered a genetic model organism?‎‎‎
选项：
A: the plant, Linaria vulgaris
B: the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus
C: the worm, Caenorhabditis elegans
D: the frog, Hyla chrysoscelis
E: the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
答案: 【 the worm, Caenorhabditis elegans】

4、单选题：
​Which of the following would serve least well as a model for understanding basic mechanisms of inheritance?‌
选项：
A: fruit flies
B: humans
C: yeast
D: mice
E: zebrafish
答案: 【 humans】

5、单选题：
‎Which of the following scientists contributed significantly to the foundations of transmission genetics?‏
选项：
A: James Watson
B: Thomas Hunt Morgan 
C: John B. S. Haldane
D: Charles Darwin
答案: 【 Thomas Hunt Morgan 】

6、单选题：
‌The contribution Charles Darwin made to genetics was to:‏
选项：
A: demonstrate the connection between Mendel’s principles of inheritance and evolution.
B: propose that evolution occurs by natural selection.
C: develop the theory of evolution, based on earlier theories of population genetics.
D: connect the fields of evolution and molecular genetics.
答案: 【 propose that evolution occurs by natural selection.】

7、单选题：
‎The contribution of Gilbert and Sanger to modern genetics was to: ‌
选项：
A: develop the PCR technique. 
B: discover DNA in the nucleus of cells.
C: describe the structure of DNA.
D: show that genes were made of DNA.
E: develop a method for sequencing DNA.
答案: 【 develop a method for sequencing DNA.】

8、判断题：
‎Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and animals between approximately 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. ‍
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

9、判断题：
‎ The theory of pangenesis states that all living organisms are composed of cells. ‌
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

10、判断题：
‏Many human traits, such as skin and hair color, exhibit blending inheritance, in which genetic information is mixed and is not separated in future generations.  ‏
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

11、判断题：
‌Bacteria and viruses can be used to study genes and inheritance, even though they are structurally and metabolically different from animal and plant cells.‌
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

12、判断题：
‏Some viruses have RNA as their genetic information. ‏
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

13、判断题：
​Charles Darwin accurately described the laws of inheritance in his landmark book, On the Origin of Species.‍
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

14、判断题：
‏Some phenotypes or traits, such as hair color, are determined by the information provided by more than a single gene. ‍
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

15、判断题：
‍Evolution cannot occur without genetic changes in populations. ‏
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

Chapter 10 测验

1、单选题：
‌Which of the following is NOT an example of epigenetics?‍
选项：
A: independent assortment of alleles
B: genomic imprinting
C: miRNAs
D: X inactivation
E: paramutation
答案: 【 independent assortment of alleles】

2、单选题：
​How would you expect DNA methylation to alter gene expression?‏
选项：
A: greatly increase expression
B: moderately increase expression
C: no change in expression
D: measurably decrease expression 
E: either increase or decrease expression
答案: 【 measurably decrease expression 】

3、单选题：
​What type of enzyme would MOST likely promote increased gene expression?‏
选项：
A: DNA methyltransferase
B: DNA demethylase
C: DNA polymerase
D: DNA ligase
E: DNase
答案: 【 DNA demethylase】

4、单选题：
‌Which of the following is NOT true of honeybees?​
选项：
A:  Queen bees and worker bees are both female.
B: Worker bees are smaller than queen bees.
C: Queen bees develop by being fed royal jelly.
D: Worker bees produce eggs to maintain the hive population.
E: Queen bees and worker bees are genetically identical.
答案: 【 Worker bees produce eggs to maintain the hive population.】

5、单选题：
‎What effect does histone acetylation have on transcription?‍
选项：
A: decreases expression
B: decreases translation but not transcription
C: no change in expression
D: increases expression
E: either increases or decreases expression
答案: 【 increases expression】

6、单选题：
‏Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of paramutation?‏
选项：
A: The expression pattern is transmitted to future generations.
B: The altered allele is able to convert other alleles.
C: No DNA sequence differences exist between alleles.
D: Mutation of coding sequences generates new alleles.
E: These are all defining features of paramutation.
答案: 【 Mutation of coding sequences generates new alleles.】

7、单选题：
‌What type of RNA is Xist?‏
选项：
A: lncRNA
B: mRNA
C: rRNA
D: siRNA
E: tRNA
答案: 【 lncRNA】

8、单选题：
‎In a female human cell, what would be the effect on X inactivation if a mutation occurred in the Xist gene making it nonfunctional?‌
选项：
A: One of the two X chromosomes would become inactivated.
B: Both of the X chromosomes would become inactivated.
C: Neither of the X chromosomes would become inactivated.
D: Only the maternal X chromosome would become inactivated.
E: Only the paternal X chromosome would become inactivated.
答案: 【 Neither of the X chromosomes would become inactivated.】

9、判断题：
‌DNA methylation is permanent and cannot be reversed.‎
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

10、判断题：
​Bacterial DNA is stabilized by histone proteins. ‎
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

11、判断题：
‌Paramutations are caused by changes in DNA sequences.‍
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

12、判断题：
‎DNA methylation occurs on cytosines adjacent to guanines.‏
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

13、判断题：
‎Chromatin structure is not affected by different histone variants.‏
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

Chapter 11 测验

1、单选题：
‌The product of the bicoid gene is critical for the establishment of _____ structures in the Drosophila embryo.‍
选项：
A: anterior
B: posterior
C: dorsal
D: ventral
E: segment
答案: 【 anterior】

2、单选题：
‏Which of the following is the CORRECT order of gene groups expressed in normal Drosophila development? ‌‏1. Gap genes‌‏2. Homeotic genes‌‏3. Pair-rule genes‌‏4. Segment-polarity genes‌‏5. Egg-polarity genes‌
选项：
A: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B: 4, 2, 5, 1, 3
C: 3, 1, 2, 5, 4
D: 5, 2, 4, 3, 1
E: 5, 1, 3, 4, 2
答案: 【 5, 1, 3, 4, 2】

3、单选题：
‍Which of the following statements about homeotic genes is INCORRECT?​
选项：
A: Homeotic genes were first identified in invertebrates, but their homologs were found in almost all organisms.
B: All homeotic genes contain consensus sequences that result in a specific DNA-binding motif.
C:  In vertebrates, homeotic genes are organized into two distinct clusters.
D: All homeotic genes encode transcription factors that direct further gene expression.
E: Homeotic genes exhibit a relationship between their order on the chromosome and the timing of their expression.
答案: 【  In vertebrates, homeotic genes are organized into two distinct clusters.】

4、单选题：
‍Which specific group of genes specifies the identities of individual body segments?‌
选项：
A: segmentation genes
B: gap genes
C: homeotic genes
D: pair-rule genes
E: segment-polarity genes
答案: 【 homeotic genes】

5、单选题：
‎Activin is a protein that normally exists in a gradient within certain tissues in developing embryos. Certain undifferentiated cells cultured without activin produce epidermal cells.  However, activin induces these same cells to adopt other fates (e.g., blood, muscle, heart), depending on the concentration of activin. Based on these observations, activin acts as a(n):‍
选项：
A: transcription factor.
B: cell-surface receptor.
C: morphogen.
D: second messenger.
E: activator.
答案: 【 morphogen.】

6、单选题：
‎Which of the following choices lists the CORRECT sequence of gene expression during Drosophila development?‏‎‏‎ ‏‎1. Segmentation genes‏‎2. Egg-polarity genes‏‎3. Homeotic genes‏‎‏
选项：
A: 1, 2, 3
B:  2, 3, 1
C:  2, 1, 3
D: 3, 2, 1
E: 3, 1, 2
答案: 【  2, 1, 3】

7、单选题：
‏In wild-type flowering plants, carpel development is determined by what class of gene products?‎
选项：
A: A gene products
B: A + B gene products
C: B + C gene products
D: C gene products
E: A + C gene products
答案: 【 C gene products】

8、单选题：
‎A flower is made up of four concentric rings of modified leaves called whorls. Which of the following lists the individual whorls in CORRECT order going from the outside toward the inside of the flower?‏
选项：
A:  petals, sepals, carpels, and stamens
B: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
C: carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals
D: stamens, carpels, sepals, and petals
E: carpels, petals, sepals, and stamens
答案: 【 sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels】

9、单选题：
‎The eyeless gene in fruit flies, Small eye gene in mice, and Aniridia gene in humans have high homology in DNA sequence and their mutations result in defects in eye development. Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with this observation?​
选项：
A: The same genes in distantly related organisms can shape similar developmental pathways.
B: The eyes of insects and mammals must have evolved independently during evolution.
C: A common pathway underlies eye development in all three organisms.
D: All three genes evolved from a common ancestral sequence.
答案: 【 The eyes of insects and mammals must have evolved independently during evolution.】

10、单选题：
​The primary function of differentiated B lymphocytes within the vertebrate immune system is to produce:‌
选项：
A:  cytotoxic chemicals.
B: hormones.
C: antibodies.
D: ROS.
E: complements.
答案: 【 antibodies.】

11、单选题：
​Egg-polarity genes directly regulate which group of genes?‎
选项：
A: homeotic
B: gap
C: Hox
D: pair-rule
E: segment-polarity
答案: 【 gap】

12、判断题：
‎Segmentation genes determine the identity of individual segments during development. ‏
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

13、判断题：
​Antibodies are produced by T cells. ‌
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

14、判断题：
​Many plant cells remain totipotent throughout development‎
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

15、判断题：
‌A morphogen is a protein that can restore totipotency to cells from an adult animal.​
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

Chapter 12 测验

1、单选题：
‍Most cancers are assumed to arise through which of the following?‎
选项：
A: errors in transcription
B: the production of unbalanced gametes because of nondisjunction during meiosis
C: genetic or epigenetic changes in somatic cells
D: delayed cell division during early embryogenesis
E: No correct answer is provided
答案: 【 genetic or epigenetic changes in somatic cells】

2、单选题：
‏What specifically do most people inherit when they inherit a predisposition to a particular cancer such as retinoblastoma?‎
选项：
A: a mutation that causes the overexpression of a DNA repair gene
B:  a mutation that causes telomerase to have reduced expression in somatic cells
C:  a deleterious mutation in one copy of a tumor-suppressor gene
D: a deletion that removes one copy of an oncogene
E: an extra X chromosome from the mother
答案: 【  a deleterious mutation in one copy of a tumor-suppressor gene】

3、单选题：
‍Which of the following is a process whereby cancer cells travel to other sites in the body and establish secondary tumors?‏
选项：
A: oncogenesis
B: angiogenesis
C: malignancy
D: secondary tumorigenesis
E: metastasis
答案: 【 metastasis】

4、单选题：
‍Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _____ whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _____.‎
选项：
A: deletions; duplications
B: recessive; dominant
C: duplications; deletions
D: dominant; recessive
E: deletions; base-pair substitutions
答案: 【 dominant; recessive】

5、单选题：
‏Which cell cycle checkpoint is most responsible for the decision of the cell to commit to dividing?‎
选项：
A:  the S/G2 checkpoint
B: the G1/S checkpoint
C: the spindle-assembly checkpoint
D: the G2/M checkpoint
E: the G1/G2 checkpoint
答案: 【 the G1/S checkpoint】

6、单选题：
‍An abnormally low level of expression of a particular microRNA might facilitate the development of a cancer by which of the following methods?‏
选项：
A: inducing the increased expression of a tumor-suppressor gene
B: inducing the increased expression of DNA-repair genes
C: promoting a decreased level of telomerase activity
D: inhibiting the G1 to M transition in the cell cycle
E: increasing the expression of an oncogene
答案: 【 increasing the expression of an oncogene】

7、单选题：
‏Many tumors exhibit:‍
选项：
A: abnormally high levels of telomerase expression.
B: abnormally high levels of tumor-suppressor gene expression.
C: translocations that move a tumor-suppressor gene to a new location that increases its normal expression.
D: deletions that remove an oncogene from the genome.
E: DNA replication that is inhibited when it would normally occur.
答案: 【 abnormally high levels of telomerase expression.】

8、单选题：
‎Normal cellular genes whose products are involved in facilitating cell division to occur under appropriate conditions are called:‌
选项：
A: proto-oncogenes.
B: tumor-suppressor genes.
C: passenger genes.
D: inhibitor genes.
E: driver genes.
答案: 【 proto-oncogenes.】

9、单选题：
‍The increased levels of telomerase associated with many tumor cells likely promote cancer by:​
选项：
A: enhancing levels of DNA repair so that cells remain normal and have stable genomes and thus would be able to replicate their DNA and divide more often.
B: promoting the efficiency of the spindle-assembly checkpoint.
C: reducing the expression of several oncogenes.
D: allowing cells to continue to divide when normally chromosomes should shorten beyond a point where division would be no longer possible.
E: decreasing the number of epigenetic changes that would promote cancer.
答案: 【 allowing cells to continue to divide when normally chromosomes should shorten beyond a point where division would be no longer possible.】

10、单选题：
‎_____ and _____ are chromosomal mutations that may activate cellular oncogenes by moving them to new regulatory sequences where they become overexpressed.‍
选项：
A: Duplications; deletions
B: Inversions; translocations
C: Duplications; inversions
D: Deletions; translocations
E: Aneuploidy; deletions
答案: 【 Inversions; translocations】

11、单选题：
‌A rare situation where only one of the two copies of a particular tumor-suppressor gene needs to be inactivated before there is a progression toward cancer is called:‍
选项：
A: clonal evolution.
B: loss of heterozygosity.
C: signal transduction.
D: aneuploidy.
E: haploinsufficiency.
答案: 【 haploinsufficiency.】

12、单选题：
‎Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the function of proto-oncogenes?‌
选项：
A: They make products that act as signals to initiate cellular apoptosis.
B: Their products are components of cell growth pathways.
C:  Proto-oncogenes make products that act as cell checkpoint regulators.
D: Proto-oncogenes make products that scan the genome for DNA damage.
E: Proto-oncogenes make products that repair DNA at sites of lesions.
答案: 【 Their products are components of cell growth pathways.】

13、判断题：
‏Most cancers arise from defects in DNA.‎
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

14、判断题：
‏The presence of a single mutated gene is sufficient for retinoblastoma cancer to develop.​
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

15、判断题：
‏A single gene mutation may predispose a person to developing cancer. ​
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

16、判断题：
​Overactive telomerase enzyme deletes the ends of chromosomes and can cause cancer.‌
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

17、判断题：
‌Proto-oncogenes do not cause cancer. ‏
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

Chapter 13 测验

1、单选题：
‌______________ can cause a single genotype to produce a range of potential phenotypes.‏‌‏
选项：
A: Epistasis
B: The inbreeding coefficient
C: Hybrid vigor
D: Environmental effects
E: Heritability
答案: 【 Environmental effects】

2、单选题：
‌Knowing the __________ of a trait has great practical importance because it allows statistical predictions regarding the phenotypes of offspring to be made on the basis of the parents’ phenotypes.‍
选项：
A: variance
B: inbreeding coefficient
C: heritability
D: genotype
答案: 【 heritability】

3、单选题：
‎The estimated broad-sense heritability for milk production in a herd of dairy cattle is high.  Which is a valid inference?‌
选项：
A: Most of the variation in milk production in the herd is due to additive genetic variance within the herd.
B: Most of the variation in milk production in the herd is due to dominant genetic variance.
C: Little of the variation in milk production is due to environmental variation within the herd.
D: Selective breeding for high milk production in this herd will be effective.
E: Broad-sense heritability for milk production will be high in most other herds of dairy cattle.
答案: 【 Little of the variation in milk production is due to environmental variation within the herd.】

4、单选题：
‌Total phenotypic variance can be decomposed into all but one of these components:‎
选项：
A: genetic–environment interaction variance.
B: genetic variance.
C: environmental variance.
D: heritability.
答案: 【 heritability.】

5、单选题：
‌QTL mapping requires all of the following except: ‏
选项：
A: genetic markers.
B: offspring.
C: a genetic map.
D: a controlled cross.
E: an estimate of homozygosity in the population.
答案: 【 an estimate of homozygosity in the population.】

6、单选题：
‍Two highly inbred tobacco plants are crossed. One has dark green leaves. The other has yellow leaves. The F1 have light green leaves. Five hundred progeny from F1 X F1 crosses are analyzed. Their leaves show continuous variation in color, but none has dark green or yellow leaves. What do these data suggest about the number of genes determining this trait?​
选项：
A: There are 2 genes that determine this trait.
B: There are 3 genes that determine this trait.
C: There are 4 genes that determine this trait.
D: There are more than 4 genes that determine this trait.
答案: 【 There are more than 4 genes that determine this trait.】

7、单选题：

​Distributions A and B in the figure below have

‍

​

‍

​

‍选项：
A: the same mean and the same variance.
B: different means and different variances.
C: the same mean, but different variances.
D: different means, but the same variance.
答案: 【 different means and different variances.】

8、单选题：

‌The graph below shows how yield in two varieties of corn respond to different environmental conditions. Which statement below is true?

‌

‌

‌

‌

‌选项：
A: Under tested conditions, variety 1 out-yields variety 2.
B: Under tested conditions, variety 2 out-yields variety 1.
C